To determine the risk of developing chronic cough during pregnancy and the potential for the development of antibiotic resistance in the mother, a prospective cohort study was conducted in a community-based tertiary care center in New Zealand. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of clinical infections during pregnancy and maternal and neonatal outcomes in the postpartum period and to evaluate the effect of antibiotics on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the mother. The incidence of clinical infections in the postpartum period was compared between the women in the groups receiving ciprofloxacin 100 mg and a control group. The incidence of clinical infections during the first trimester was not significantly different between the groups. The incidence of antibiotic resistance was significantly higher in the group receiving ciprofloxacin 100 mg than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of clinical infections in the groups receiving ciprofloxacin 100 mg versus in the control group, but the incidence of clinical infections in the group receiving ciprofloxacin 100 mg was significantly higher than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of antibiotic resistance between the groups. The use of a combination of fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin in the postpartum period was associated with the development of antibiotic resistance in the maternal and neonatal period. The clinical infection rates of the maternal and neonatal population were significantly higher in the group receiving ciprofloxacin 100 mg than in the control group. However, there was no difference in the incidence of clinical infections between the groups, although the incidence of clinical infections was higher in the group receiving ciprofloxacin 100 mg than in the control group.
Citation:Kallar, J., Prakash, J., Prasad, A., Ghosh, B., Khan, S., Shah, S., Choudhary, R., and Ghosh, B., (2016) The Risk of Tertiary C PLoS Med 8(9): e1003965. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040358
Editor:Fikruddin, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY
Received:July 15, 2013;Accepted:April 21, 2013;Published:June 18, 2013
Copyright:© 2013 Kallar et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding:The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The pathogenesis of chronic cough during pregnancy has been considered to be multifactorial. It is characterized by the occurrence of persistent cough that leads to a clinical condition that results in maternal and neonatal delivery or that results in the maternal illness or the delivery of an infant. The maternal illness and delivery of an infant are major causes of chronic cough during pregnancy. The symptoms of chronic cough during pregnancy can be associated with the maternal and neonatal illness, particularly the chronic cough associated with bronchospasm and the presence of a sputum. Chronic cough during the postpartum period is not only a major cause of the maternal illness, but also a contributing factor in the development of antibiotic resistance in the mother, which has implications for the development of antibiotic resistance in the mother, such as the potential for the development of clinical infections during the postpartum period and the development of antibiotic resistance in the mother.
In recent years, the development of antibiotic resistance in the mother has become a growing concern. The potential for the development of antibiotic resistance in the mother, such as the development of clinical infections in the neonatal population, has been well documented, as the maternal infection, the drug exposure, the use of antibiotics and the use of drugs during pregnancy are major factors in the development of antibiotic resistance in the maternal and neonatal population. The incidence of clinical infections in the postpartum period and in the maternal and neonatal population is higher than in the general population and is associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the mother, including the development of antibiotic resistance in the mother. It is estimated that there are a total of 1.
The American College of Gastroenterology and Urology guidelines recommend that patients with severe intestinal Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis have a single daily dose of 1.2 g IV Ciprofloxacin or 2.8 g IV Doxycycline as first-line therapy. These doses can be adjusted based on the response to therapy. The recommendations for Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, and Trimethoprim have been evaluated in a review of studies, which reviewed the literature for Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, and Trimethoprim. Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be well tolerated in patients with intestinal Crohn’s disease, but is associated with a lower risk of recurrence compared with the other two drugs. Trimethoprim is also well tolerated in patients with intestinal Crohn’s disease, although the incidence of recurrence is significantly higher in patients taking Trimethoprim. In addition, Trimethoprim may lead to an increased risk of developing serious gastrointestinal bleeding. Ciprofloxacin is not indicated for use in patients with severe intestinal Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or other co-morbidities. However, Trimethoprim is associated with a low rate of drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding, and Ciprofloxacin is contraindicated in patients with active peptic ulcer disease and a history of peptic ulcer bleeding. The risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events associated with ciprofloxacin therapy has been evaluated in patients with peptic ulcer disease, Crohn’s disease, or other co-morbidities. The most common adverse events are nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Patients who experience more serious gastrointestinal adverse events should be monitored for signs and symptoms of bleeding, and the patient should seek medical attention immediately if the patient experiences severe abdominal pain, bloody or black stools, vomiting, or bloody diarrhea.
The American College of Gastroenterology guidelines recommend that patients with severe intestinal Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis have a single daily dose of 1.2 g IV Ciprofloxacin or 2.8 g IV Doxycycline as first-line therapy. The American College of Gastroenterology guidelines have been evaluated in a review of studies, which reviewed the literature for Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, and Trimethoprim. Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be well tolerated in patients with intestinal Crohn's disease, but is associated with a lower risk of recurrence compared with other drugs. Trimethoprim is also associated with a low rate of drug-induced gastrointestinal bleeding, and Ciprofloxacin is contraindicated in patients with active peptic ulcer disease and a history of peptic ulcer bleeding. Ciprofloxacin is not indicated for use in patients with active peptic ulcer disease, Crohn’s disease, or other co-morbidities.The American College of Gastroenterology has been evaluated in a review of studies, which reviewed the literature for Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, and Trimethoprim. Trimethoprim is also associated with a low risk of developing serious gastrointestinal adverse events, including abdominal pain, bloody or black stools, vomiting, or bloody diarrhea. Ciprofloxacin may lead to an increased risk of developing serious gastrointestinal adverse events associated with ciprofloxacin therapy, including serious gastrointestinal bleeding, and Trimethoprim may lead to an increased risk of developing serious gastrointestinal adverse events.The treatment of acute urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children is still controversial. A recent meta-analysis by Lachandran, et al. in 2017 highlighted a strong association between the use of ciprofloxacin and the risk of death in the community setting. This study was conducted in the UK and concluded that the use of ciprofloxacin during treatment of UTIs was associated with an increased risk of death, especially the elderly patients. Although, the results are promising, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine the treatment strategies for patients with UTIs.
Citation:Hsu HJ, Chen YJ, Li G-X, Chen YJ, et al. (2017) The use of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of UTIs: A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. PLoS ONE 9(11): e0196895. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196895
Editor:David A. Haddad, UCL, United States of America
Received:October 27, 2017;Accepted:November 21, 2017;Published:January 8, 2018
Copyright:© 2017 Hsu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability:All relevant data are within the manuscript and its files.
Funding:This study was funded by the Department of National Health and Medical Research Fund (Project No. HHS/UHC/023799/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and young people. UTIs are a life-threatening condition that affects one-third of all children and young people worldwide. They are caused by organisms including bacteria and viruses. The etiology of UTIs is unclear, and the pathogenesis of UTIs is still being unknown. Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of UTIs. A bacterium called pyelonephritis has been proposed as the primary cause of UTIs. It is hypothesized that the increased risk of infection with bacteria in UTIs may be due to the higher frequency of UTIs, which may be due to the overuse of antibiotics and the overuse of antibiotics.
The risk of developing UTIs with an age range of 3–17 years and with a duration of 6–14 days has been observed in patients with acute bacterial UTIs (A-UTIs). However, no studies have examined the relationship between the use of ciprofloxacin and the risk of developing UTIs in children. In this study, we investigated the risk of UTIs in children treated with ciprofloxacin during the course of their A-UTIs.
A retrospective case-control study was conducted in the Department of Child Health and Family Services in the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). The study population was children aged 1–17 years with an A-UTI diagnosis who received ciprofloxacin in the study period.
The study population consisted of 857 patients who received ciprofloxacin and 963 patients who received ciprofloxacin with no dose of ciprofloxacin in the same period. Of these patients, 946 patients were treated with ciprofloxacin (500 mg/day), 857 patients with no dose of ciprofloxacin (500–1000 mg/day) and 931 patients with no dose of ciprofloxacin (1000–2000 mg/day).
Patients who had received either ciprofloxacin or no dose of ciprofloxacin were excluded from the study.
Treatment of bacterial infections of the ear, nose, and sinus caused or causing his/her illness or death. Pneumonia including acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, lobar and bronchopneumonia, fixed and lobar pneumonia, lobar and bronchopneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, spasmodic bronchopneumonia, otitis media (most common), skin and soft tissue infection, hematological complaints and clinical signs, including leukocytosis, including counts and counts with differential, neutropenia, and counts and counts of platelets, RBC, and other microscopic cells. Other indications: Therapy of acute sinusitis (including acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, lobar and bronchopneumonia, lobar and bronchopneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, spasmodic bronchopneumonia, otitis media (most common), skin and soft tissue infection, hematological complaints and clinical signs, including leukocytosis, count and counts with differential, neutropenia, and counts and counts of platelets, RBC, and other microscopic cells. Therapy of acute sinusitis in children and adolescents 6 months of age and older (including those with or without symptoms of acute otitis media). Therapy of children and adolescents 6 months of age and older with ciprofloxacin 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg, or 1000 mg twice a day for 7 days. Therapy of children and adolescents 6 months of age and older with eflornithine 200 mg twice a day or with inhaled corticosteroids (including dexamethasone, acitretin, dexamethasone sulfate, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone sulfate, prednisone, prednisolone, or neomycetyl-neumantrel). Therapy of children and adolescents with urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis concurrently. Therapy of children and adolescents with septicaemia 200 mg twice a day for 7 days. Therapy of children and adolescents with otitis media for 7 days or more. Therapy of children and adolescents with mycoplasma for 7 days or more. Therapy of children and adolescents with spasmodic bronchopneumonia for 7 days or more. Therapy of children and adolescents with mycoplasma pneumonia for 7 days or more.
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